Inrush limiting reduces the current flowing into the input terminals when the supply is first switched on. It should not be confused with “soft start,” which is a separate function controlling the way the power converter starts its switching action.

In the interests of minimum size and weight, most switch mode supplies will use semiconductor rectifiers and low-impedance input electrolytic in a capacitive input filter configuration. Such systems have an inherently low input resistance; also, because the capacitors are initially discharged, very large surge currents would occur at switch-on if such filters were switched directly to the line input. Hence, it is normal practice to provide some form of current inrush limiting on power supplies that have capacitive input filters. This inrush limiting typically takes the form of a resistive limiting device in series with the supply lines. In high power systems, the limiting resistance would normally be removed (shorted out) by an SCR, triac, or switch when the input reservoir and/or filter capacitor has been fully charged. In low-power systems, NTC thermistors are often used as limiting devices.

The selection of the inrush-limiting resistance value is usually a compromise between acceptable inrush current amplitude and start-up delay time. Negative temperature coefficient thermistors are often used in low-power applications, but it should be noted that thermistors will not always give full inrush limiting. For example, if, after the power supply has been running long enough for the thermistor to heat up, the input is turned rapidly off and back on again, the thermistor will still be hot and hence low-resistance, and the inrush current will be large. The published specification should reflect this effect, as it is up to the user to decide whether this limitation will cause any operational problems. Since even with a hot NTC the inrush current will not normally be damaging to the supply, thermistors are usually acceptable and are often used for low-power applications.